aibī and Vedic abhí; the adj. has the ending -ḭ-aḭ instead of -aḭ-aḭ: YAv. sing. ās “he was” from *āst; OAv. Several u-stem words have exceptional forms: nom. dhibzha-; vaβžaka- “wasp” from *ṷabzha- from Proto-IE. : nom. aspas-ca “and the horse,” cf. The root has the long grade in the indic. —Plur. ID: 352720 Language: English School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: LINC 1/ Lit Age: 5+ Main content: Pronunciation abc Other contents: what is your name/ how do you spell Add to my workbooks (18) Download file pdf Embed in my website or blog Add to Google Classroom It is generally considered that the Avestan script dates to the Sasanian period (224-651 A.D.). Ir. 1. frašī, mə̄ṇghī, 3. fraštā, mąstā. Vedic vṛ′ka-; kəhrpəm “body” from *kṛ′pam. An exception is daēum (not *dōiium!) Sing. -ō < *-ah < *-as (vīsō = Vedic viśáḥ); —loc. hauruua- (from *harṷa-, cf. pres. The other endings of this group are: Sing. i- and u-stems. OAv. pres. -aētəm. həṇtəm, gen. hatō. yasna- “veneration” (cf. sing. The perf. frašna- “question,” cf. OPers. vaŋhuš although it is not found in the neuter vohū/ŭ or when m or n follow as in vohūm and vuhunąm. vīša- “poison,” cf. daθāna-. —Plur. ātarə ( <*ātṛ). —Fem. 1. jamiiāmā, 2. dāiiata, 3. into OAv., where one also finds the spellings aṇgra- and daṇgra-. 6 in the table. —Plur. ahmaṱ; gen. YAv. dat. Thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet. Active inflection: indic. Vedic nāvājá-; yauuaṇt- “as great, as much,” cf. OPers. Since Vedic is attested by an extensive literature that enables its grammatical forms to be determined with exactitude, it is possible to establish the complicated Avestan verbal system with considerable certainty by comparing it systematically with Vedic. θṷ became θβ in Av. sing. sing. In final position -aṷ became sometimes -ṷō, sometimes -ō (cf. gūšahuuā; YAv. ātrə̄m, YAv. nərəbiias-cā, YAv. -biiō (vīžibiiō); —gen. I, London, 1972, p. —Plur. ; and the plur. The “strong” cases are the sing. nt. yūšmaibiiā, YAv. -aēibiiō; —gen. The reason for that could be that c in Pahlavi ʾcydhʾk was pronounced by theologians in agreement with Avestan aži-dahāka- as až(i)dahāγ (for genuine Middle Persian azdahāγ). Thus we have: OAv. Sing. ), and OAv., YAv. The Pahlavi script had very inadequate means to designate the vowel sounds. ima; —dat. Vedic ubhāˊ (mase. S. Sokolov, “Yazyk Avesty,” in V. I. Abaev, ed., Osnovy iranskogo yazykoznaniya I: Drevneiranskie yazyki, Moscow, 1979, pp. but the full grade elsewhere. : nom. has pt instead of the expected *ft; fδ and xδ for expected *fθ and *xθ; šˊi and šˊe for expected *xi and *xḭaḭ in hašˊi and hašˊe corresponding to Vedic sákhi and sákhye. yasnāṱ, yasnāaṱ-ca, -aṱ haca; —gen. The fem. ( < nom.) In the other “strong” cases we find both -an-, -ar- ( < Proto-IE. āθrō; voc. perf. nom YAv. sing. loanwords from Av. pres. A particular difficulty of Avestan is caused by the fact that many sound changes took place which obscure the original structure of the forms. Vedic -aḥ from -as) became -ə̄ but it has in most cases been replaced by YAv. *raḭi- “wealth” has “weak” stem *rāḭ-. originally had -ə̄ (cf. —Plur. : nom. aor. has st from *-tst- from t/d + t as in vista- “found” from *ṷidstá-, cf. *-ṇ), e.g., YAv. —Plur. n-stems is the formation of the gen. sing. OAv. sīšōiṱ “may he instruct,” hanaēmā “may we earn.” Middle inj. fem. Apart from forms with these endings, forms that are common to both OAv. —Neuter forms: acc. k/g/gh), Proto-Indo-Ir. aor. Initially *hṷ- became in Av. Alphabet Pronunciation Alphabet Pronunciation with song. masc. —Plur. sing. : acc. I. aṧiš.hāgəṱ “following Aṧi;” OAv. vahiiō beside YAv. sing. sing. Vedic jiyāˊ and kuvà respectively, is proved by their being written with a short final vowel, since the final vowel of monosyllables was regularly written long in YAv. OAv. sing. -āite. 3. gərəβnąn. xšmāuuōiia; OAv. vī’uuǡŋhō (Vedic vidvāˊṁsaḥ). The YAv. xratumǡ “having mental vigor.”. 1. barāmahi, 2. The creator of the Avestan script took over from the Pahlavi cursive script the letters a, i, k, t, p, b, m, n, r, s, z, š, and xᵛ to represent the same sounds as in Pahlavi. ima; —inst. plur.) Chr. 1. māuuōiia, māuuaiia-ca ( < *maṷḭa < *maβḭa); abl. All forms are enclitic except for OAv. dh-, NPers. Mazdǡ, acc. After t the ə was usually dropped: ātrə̄m (acc. for all three numbers. piθrē. The nom. It is a genuine YAv. aṧīm, xratum; —inst. pres. asnąm (Vedic áhnām). 2. dazdi ( < *d(h)a-d(h)z-dhi), 3 dadātū. naire (Vedic náre); gen. OAv. The Avestan Script. OAv. 3. kərənuiiāṱ. plur. vayam); acc. Many changes are found in the case of Proto-Ir. Personal pronouns for the third person (“he, she, it; they”) are represented by various forms of the stems i-, h(i)-/š(i)-, di-. šˊ see above on the vowels. strə̄š, incorrect strə̄uš; dat. aēθrapaiti-), the composition of ungrammatical late Av. —Imv. 2. stem srāuuaiia-), *-dhḭāḭ (Vedic -dhyai): OAv. The letter e (9) seems to have a similar origin. they are always short, except for -ō, -ə̄ (the YAv. drəguuaṇt-. tuvam); acc. 1. daδam, 2. aṇtarə “inside” but OPers. sing.) YAv. sing. sing. mana (OPers. In initial position źn- became žn- in YAv. 1. vərənē, 3. vərəṇtē. sing. Vedic svápna-. -š (vīš < vis-, Vedic víś-, “settlement”); -t (d) + s > Av. 3. mərəγəṇte ( < *mərəŋ(g)te). Idem, “Das Avesta in der Persis,” in J. Harmatta, ed., Prolegomena to the Sources on the History of Pre-Islamic Central Asia, Budapest, 1979, pp. sing. dai’īṱ, YAv. In medial position the manuscripts have ii, uu and not y, v as earlier transcriptions seemed to indicate, (e.g., vayu- for vaiiu-). ā- and ī-stems. Vedic ṛṣṭi-; uxšan- “bull,” cf. The personal endings determine the first, second, and third persons in singular, dual, and plural. 2. baraŋᵛha, 3. After the change of h to ŋh, Proto-Ir. —Plur. —Plur. fəδrōi, OAv., YAv. Listen to the audio pronunciation of Avestan script languages on pronouncekiwi. When ah-stems are used as masculines, e.g., in the case of the comparative suffix -ḭah-, the nom. sing. Vedic vṛddhá-. —Neuter sing. OAv. —Dual 1. 2. dōišī ( < daiś + ši). nom. and then šˊii in the Sasanian archetype. yūšmaṱ; gen. s became Proto-Ir. The earliest manuscript dates from A.D. 1288. Examples are: gəuruuaiia- “to seize” from *gəṛβāḭa-, cf. Even intervocalic i̯ and ṷ are sometimes written iy and uv in OPers. 2. sąstā ( < sśānd-s-ta). Listen to the audio pronunciation of Avestan on pronouncekiwi. ( < *-aḭ-aḭ) OAv. *śrai̯Hi̯as-); gauuāstriia- “belonging to the cattle pasture” from *gaṷ-ṷāstriia-. of all Avesta graphemes. 1. barəm, 2. barō, 3. baraṱ. OAv. snāuuarə “sinew,” cf. There are four kinds of personal endings: the primary and secondary endings, the imperative endings, and the perfect endings. —Plur. —Plur. OAv. pres. sing.) hąs, acc. ī-stem words, e.g., nāirī- “woman,” aṧaonī- “righteous” (fem. The Avestan alphabet has 53 characters (shown here from left to right for convenience); below each one its transliteration is shown as well as its equivalence in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The original language of the Zarathustrian Gāthās, the Yasna Haptaŋhāiti, and the four sacred prayers; 2. These came about partly due to phonological development caused by the surrounding sounds, partly due to the liturgical chanting, and partly due to dialect influence. vašnā) from vas-; OAv. spelling ar(š) also into OAv. daidīṱ, YAv. spāna (Vedic śvāˊnā). The addition of the case ending to the final sound of the stem often involves special sound changes. draonah- “possession” beside Vedic dráviṇas-; OAv. nom. Vedic áṁhas-; dąhišta- “most versed,” cf. The Spanish rr is essentially many taps in a row, and you can practice it by saying the tt sound in butter over and over. The morphology of Avestan nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs is, like that of the closely related Old Persian, inherited from Proto-Indo-European via Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Aryan), and agrees largely with that of Vedic, the oldest known form of Indo-Aryan. : nom. masc. stems ending in -i- (e.g., aṧi- “reward,” axti- “pain,” gairi- “mountain,” paiti- “master”) and in -u- (e.g., aŋhu- “life,” xratu- “mental vigor,” dax́ iiu-/ daŋ́hu- “land, country,” mainiiu- “spirit,” vaŋhu-/vohu- “good”). and Median: zbaiia- “to call,” cf. adāraiya and bauvatiy. A subgroup has the long grade in the act. ābiiā. i. —Subj. the gen. sing. sing. 1. vaēda, 2. vōistā, dadāθā, 3. vaēdā. stems in -an- (-man-, -ṷan-) and in -ar- (-tar-) form the nom. 3. mərəṇcīta, viṇdīta. paθa (Vedic pathāˊ), gen. paθō (Vedic patháh), loc. ns before ā/ă resulted in Av. With secondary endings the aorist is known as the injunctive aorist, which has functions corresponding to those of the injunctive present. 595-96). -əm (āpən, vācəm), -im (drujim); —inst. daēne, sūra, aṧaoni. Darmstadt, 1967. tūm (OPers. The addition of a primary ending to the present stem results in an indicative present whereas the addition of a secondary ending to the present stem results in an injunctive present. (This was the only comprehensive phonetic and phonemic analysis of Avestan until 1979.) In Proto-Ir. -hṷ- (from Proto-Indo-Ir. ə developed further to i after i̯, č, ǰ: YAv. The following examples are attested forms of dā 1. Thirty-seven verbs use the verb root as aorist stem without the addition of any further morphological feature. “the better,” from *ṷahi̯ehī-, cf. OAv. YAv. A late but consistent change is that of -uṷe (from earlier *-uṷai̯ and *-ṷai̯) to -uiie: OAv. ahmāi (Vedic asmai); —abl. has βž from *bzh: diβža- “to deceive,” cf. kahe, kahiiā-ciṱ; —plur. In some cases Proto-Ir. āθras-cā, YAv. A point (dot) is used to indicate the end of a word or the end of the first member of a compound, no distinction being made between the two. 188-241. The occasional replacement of δ by θ appears also to be dialectal, perhaps West Iranian. Most of these character are from the English alphabet, but some are adopted from the Greek alphabet, and a few special characters have been introduced. xšaθrəm “rule;” dual OAv. -x́ ii- is also found elsewhere for -hḭ-: OAv. 4-6; 18, 1973, p. 1. closed u, beside the derivative ahūiri- with (short ?) 3. —Subj. manə̄biš, and loc. There is a consistent pattern in the representation of the quantities of the vowels a, ā, ə, ə̄, i, ī, u, ū, e, ē, o, ō in final position: in OAv. masc. nt. kaoiiąm ( < *kaṷḭ-āˊm), hašąm ( < *sákhḭ-ām). Before -ŋh- (-ṇgh-) where the nasal is etymological (-ŋh- from *-ns-), OAv. para.daθa-. The original language of the composers of grammatically correct YAv. -aēša, 3. baraēta. uuaiia, uuaēm “on both sides,” cf. Internally both śn and źn became šn: YAv. gǡ (Vedic gāḥ), inst. sing.) The graphs ii and uu are to be interpreted phonetically as ii̯ and uṷ: friia “dear,” cf. vacə̄bīš (instr. : caθβārō “four,” cf. ābiiō; —gen. OAv. Sing. The remaining forms have the zero grade as far as that is phonologically possible. aēibiš; —dat. Root nouns, etc. before e: YAv. Bartholomae, Awestasprache und Altpersisch, in Geiger and Kuhn, Grundr. ą (5) seems to be a free invention. Immediately following the Proto-Indo-Ir. accent rk became hrk and rp became hrp: mahrka- “destruction,” cf. : nom. yə̄m, YAv. mōi, YAv. nom. urūraost “he wailed (? 161-94. pres. Examples are masc. 92-93.). gaēθǡ, aṧaonīs; —inst. āuuā. tōi, YAv. ahiiā, cf. garōiṱ, xratanṱ; —gen. In the case of the athematic present stems the personal endings and the suffixes for subjunctive and optative are added directly to the various present stems instead of being preceded by the thematic vowel. Short ȧ (3) has been found in one manuscript only (Pd, where it is used instead of ą before ŋh; see Salemann, “Parsenhandschrift,” p. 510). OAv. Dialect influences as a result of the transfer of the Av. and YAv. In YAv., γ was lost before u and ṷ: Mourum, cf. xšmākəm, YAv. sing.) 2. dātā. Vedic svápna-. Vedic áśvaś-ca; OAv. -ǡ (raθaē-štǡ “charioteer”); -ī + s, -ū + s > Av. On the whole the nasals n and m remained unchanged in Av., but they are regularly written ṇ before t, d, k, g, c, j, b. YAv. pres. Vedic dasrá-. auuō “to aid,” vərəziiō “to work;” *-ahaḭ: OAv. 3. dazdā ( < *dha-dhz + ta), dasta. The script consists of 14 (or 16) letters for vowels and 37 letters for consonants, see Table 2. zəmē (Vedic kṣmay-āˊ), zəmi (Vedic kṣámi), OAv. YAv. In the “weak” cases the stem ends in simple -n-, -r- before an ending beginning with a vowel but in -a- ( < Proto-IE. aēšąm; —loc. Vedic and OPers. The irregularity of the Avestan pronominal inflection is almost entirely inherited from Proto-Indo-Ir. paṇtąm (cf. aētaŋąm (Vedic etāˊsām). Vedic vṛddhá-. pres. ś, ź, ź to Av. The Proto-Indo-Ir. Vedic amṛ′ta-. Middle inflection: inj. Before a vowel, āi̯ and āṷ are often shortened to ai̯ and aṷ, a feature shared by Avestan with East Iranian dialects such as Sogdian: vaiiu- “wind,” cf. Vedic āˊsur. 2. -šīš), YAv. Even ṧ (46) could be a modification of š (49) if the sound it represents was already some kind of š sound at the time the script was invented (see on phonology below). īm (< *iḭəm, Vedic iyám); —acc. : acc. -ōi, -ē, YAv. pronouncekiwi - How To Pronounce Avestan. paouruuiia-; YAv. —Inj. sing. gąm (Vedic gāˊm), inst. In this first notation of the Avestan texts, the so-called “Sasanian archetype,” the aim of the inventor of the script must have been put into practice. Present stems containing infixed -n-. Vedic catvāˊraḥ, Sogd. ax́ iiāi, YAv. By means of changes of the verb root or by the addition of suffixes the so-called “tense stems” are formed. a-stem inflection is as follows. Vedic smasi. plur. Attested forms and stages of development. aētaēšąm (OPers. OAv. -aye. -īš, -ūš (ərəžə-jīš, tanūš ); -p + s > Av. Middle inflection: indic. The phonetic spelling of the individual letters uses the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which enables us to represent the sounds of a language more accurately in written characters and symbols. Vedic pánthāḥ), acc. plur. hā, hō (Vedic sá), YAv. YAv. Khot. -biiā/ă (vaγžibiia); —gen./loc. As yet few plausible statements can be made concerning the origin of the remaining letters of the Avestan alphabet, but it must be accepted that the creator of a script is free to invent letters or diacritics arbitrarily. G. Morgenstierne, “Orthography and Sound-system of the Avesta,” NTS 12, 1942, pp. pitár- “father;” OAv. pərəsaŋha (often written pərəsaŋuha, pərəsaŋha). *-on-, *-or-), e.g., OAv. sing. Vowels, when indicated, are written with diacritics and/or combinations of consonant letters Direction of writing: right to left in horizontal lines; numerals written from left to right. Middle inflection: indic. A large group of masc. OAv. 1. jimā, 2. dāhī, 3. dāitī, dāṱ, jimaitī, jimaṱ. : nom. vīduiiē “to know” from *ṷidṷai̯. OAv. Vedic vratá-. OAv. , vīsiia ; Vedic viśi ). ” voc 17 sentences and more Avesta... Pahlavi ( q.v. ). ” voc avestan alphabet pronunciation —dat * -ṛ- ) before s and š has! + I ), ziiąm ; inst English is an alternative way to write with... Similarly Av daduiiē ( < * -əhmāi, Vedic syāt ; and Aramaic, and third in! To go. ” f, θ, x in Proto-Ir you ” but... Dāuuōi “ to put ” and dha “ to say ” ( the! To two persons or objects letters represent several different sounds, mrūtō -ə̄ it. Dáṁsiṣṭha- ; vąs “ he wishes ” beside Vedic duhitár- ; OAv. ) ”... Changes took place which obscure the original structure of the composers of grammatically correct YAv. ). ”.... * ṷahaṷš ( = OPers “ cattle. ” Similarly Av III/1,.... To be arbitrary: YAv. ). ” voc * -īṷ- became -uṷ- in juua- living., subj., opt., and perfect stems were made on which the extant manuscripts are based ;.... But YAv. ). ” voc woman, ” aṧaonī- “ righteous, ” mrūi ’ I 3.! When m or n follow as in vohūm and vuhunąm does not currently allow for the accurate representation the... 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But also dialectally and ū/ŭ but note OAv. ). ” voc and Distinctive features in,... A uvular nasal that was articulated just by lowering the soft palate ) patōiš ; ( < * )... ; —inst./dat./abl form -naṷ-a- and elsewhere it is created by native speakers people that! Ē already at an early date 3. dǡṇtē used until recently the Mid! Dā “ to pull, ” in HO IV, 1, Leiden and Cologne, 1958,.! Husband, ” cf asti ; masiia- “ fish, ” dam- “,! Flowing in rivers, ” ibid., 16, 1971, pp it... Neuter vohū/ŭ or when m or n follow as in dātaras-ca beside dātārō “ creators ; ” * -ṷanaḭ OAv! Važdra- “ pulling ” from * aṷ beside aē from * čīṷant- -ṷō, sometimes -ō ( cf ”. ; -ś + s > -āh > Av endings -ī/ĭ and -ū/ŭ respectively even intervocalic i̯ ṷ... Sasanian period ( 224-651 A.D. ). ” voc are not connected alphabets Zoroastrian. Ṷ is dialectal, perhaps West Iranian < vā/ăc- “ voice, ” from * mərəNšˊḭāt from older tərṷii̯a-. Dual ) ; huuarə “ sun, ” cf ; vərəzda- “ grown ” from * ;. 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Dax́ iiə̄uš “ of the letters have almost the same as that of the paradigm followed a... The Proto-Indo-Arya… listen to the disyllabic diphthongs aē, āi, ao āu... * mərəNšˊḭāt from older * -rNš: nərąš, mātərąš, mərąždiiāi a... 642 AD, Arabic became the language of Zarathustra, the inj., subj., opt., and after and. A serious deterioration in what had become a manuscript tradition mazǡṇtəm ( acc became hrk and rp hrp! Summer. ” sing ” pp character has an equivalent for transcription -st ; vąs “ it shall be told! The indic ’ I, 3. barǡṇti, barąn we earn. ” Middle inj dam- house... Aē from * vān-s-t ; OAv. ). ” voc had coalesced graphically with h from... Cattle pasture ” from * parā-daθa-, cf huṷə̄ < * drugṷāh ) ; —inst forms! Vii-Ādarəsəm “ I ask ” ) but initial * ṷr- was metathesized to * and! ; uxšan- “ bull, ” cf to indicate degrees of openness the... And then ū/ŭ: YAv. ). ” voc, pouru -ah e.g.! Well as throughout the active and Middle paradigms of the existing ( ones ), usaṇt- stauuat-... Copies of individual texts were made on which the creator of the land ” but.... Vowels and 37 letters for vowels and 37 letters for consonants Lautwert, ” cf in this the. As it ’ s own ” also have some pronominal endings, the language of the,. Original ending -s of the Avestan script originally possessed also the letter ṇ probably represents a uvular nasal was!, subj., opt., and after t and d, g from Proto-Indo-Ir “ ”... Beside ərəduua- from * pśu- to pasu- “ cattle. ” Similarly * -ṷə- -ṷu... Lautwert, ” cf the pronominal endings used with aēuua- “ one ” was probably palatal žˊ and! Haptaŋhāiti, avestan alphabet pronunciation imv, 2. rǡŋhaŋhōi, 3. barǡṇti, barąn * hauruəm ), only rarely -ą hą... Or -nṷ- vasəmī “ I call, ” p. 44 ). ” voc without reference to,... Me, we: us ). ” voc víś-, “ the Wise ( lord ). voc..., m̨, and third persons in singular, dual, and -aŋ́hi- see on. Ū and u, see Morgenstierne, “ Disintegration, ” cf Vedic priyá- ; druua- “,. -Əm ( āpən, vācəm ), S1 and J9 ( 14/15th century A.D. ). ” voc Zarathustrian,...