Bottom panel: The TIR part of the spectrum from ∼5–20 μm wavelength. To be measurable by passive remote sensing, utilizing a natural source of electromagnetic (EM) radiation (e.g., the Sun, skylight, or heat from an active volcanic vent), a volatile species must satisfy several criteria: it must absorb EM radiation in a waveband that provides adequate signal at the Earth's surface (usually in an atmospheric window with high transmittance), it must be present in significant concentrations in the volcanic plume (i.e., above detection limits), and its abundance in the ambient atmosphere surrounding the plume must be low (or ideally, zero). Notably, the most abundant volcanic gases (H2O and CO2) are notoriously difficult to measure by remote sensing due to their high atmospheric abundance (∼1–4 vol% and ∼400 ppmv (parts per million by volume), respectively), although this problem can be surmounted by maximizing concentrations of volcanic gases in the optical path, or via active remote sensing using an artificial source of EM radiation. The average amount of ozone loss in the stratosphere is estimated to be 5 percent per decade (an average depletion rate of 0.51 percent per year). Figure courtesy of Fred Prata, NILU. However, the high temperature, strong corrosion, high equipment requirement, and toxic gases (CO, Cl2) remain disadvantageous (Dong et al., 2015). Chlorination has been claimed to achieve high PGM recovery efficiencies. The two most commonly exploited wavebands for passive remote sensing of volcanic gases are the ultraviolet (UV) band (wavelengths of ∼0.3–0.4 μm; Figure 65.2) and the infrared (IR) band (wavelengths of ∼2–10 μm; Figure 65.2). A detailed research on the chlorination of an unroasted spent auto-catalyst sample using a mixture of chlorine and carbon monoxide was conducted by Kim et al. The UARS mission was motivated by the ongoing TOMS and ground-based observations of ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Controleer 'Chlorine monoxide' vertalingen naar het Duits. Brusseau, ... S.A. Musil, in Environmental and Pollution Science (Third Edition), 2019. Alternatively, an artificial source of IR radiation such as an IR lamp can be employed in active-mode FTIR spectroscopy. This is also the principal region used to measure ash particles in the atmosphere. For a better understanding of the chemical structure, an interactive 3D visualization of Chlorine monoxide is provided here. Top panel: Ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near infrared (NIR) part of the spectrum indicating regions where gases absorb and the locations of the bands used by various satellite instruments (Table 65.1). Therefore, the new approach can enhance the kinetics and also the conversion level based on the reactions occurring in the liquid phase at high temperature, while the conventional chlorination is limited by the interference between the solid and gas phases. chlorine oxide. The active bromine and chlorine species interact with organic matters to form halogenated intermediates, which act as precursors that break down to release halogenated THMs, free chloride or bromide ions. It is highly effective against a wide range of pests including termites and most other insects, nematodes, rodents, fungi, and weeds. Infrared Spectrum and Vibrational Assignment for Chlorine Monoxide, Cl 2 O. On 9 October 2006, the ozone level measured 82 DU; but by 1 October 2010, the value was back up to 118 DU (NASA Earth Observatory 2011). Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: Dichlorine monoxide, 7791-21-1. The information of the atoms, bonds, connectivity and coordinates included in the chemical structure of Chlorine monoxide can easily be identified by this visualization. Four UARS instruments measured the concentrations and distribution of gases important to ozone depletion, climate change, and other atmospheric phenomena. When conc. The size and configuration of the ozone hole has been continuously measured by satellites since 17 September 1979, when the ozone level was 194 DU. The molecular weight of Chlorine monoxide is available in molecular weight page of Chlorine monoxide, which is calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of each constituent element multiplied by the number of atoms of that element in the molecular formula. Past emissions of CFCs molecules will, therefore, remain in the atmosphere for decades with the potential to continue to harm the ozone layer. Chemical Formula: ClO. It has a molecular weight of 164.38, water solubility of 2000 mg l−1 at 25 °C, and melting and boiling points of −64 and 112 °C, respectively. Lewis structures are models that help us predict things and understand things about ions and molecules. Calibration using a co-aligned spectrometer is likely to remain the best approach for SO2 retrieval from UV camera imagery, due to the limitations on filter bandwidths and the trade-off between spectral resolution and signal-to-noise (narrower filter bandwidth reduces the number of photons transmitted). The structure of dichlorine monoxide is similar to that of water and hypochlorous acid, with the molecule adopting a bent molecular geometry due to the lone pairs on the oxygen; resulting in C 2V molecular symmetry. Mijnwoordenboek.nl is een onafhankelijk privé-initiatief, gestart in 2004. The worldwide loss of ozone has become a major environmental concern, since it results in less protection to life on the earth’s surface from the harmful ultraviolet solar radiation. [Available online at, The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition). Online vertaalwoordenboek. Heat of Vaporization at Normal Boiling Point, LogP (Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient), Ghose-Crippen Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (logP), Moriguchi Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (logP), Activity Score for Ion Channel Modulators, Activity Score for Nuclear Receptor Ligands, Structure Data File (SDF/MOL File) of Chlorine monoxide, download in the SDF page of Chlorine monoxide, chemical formula page of Chlorine monoxide, molecular weight page of Chlorine monoxide, 3 atom(s) - 1 Oxygen atom(s) and 2 Chlorine atom(s). 1985; NASA Earth Observatory 2011). Generally, the chlorinated water contains chloroform as the principal THMs and is also the most comprehensively studied chemical of this class (Zainudin et al., 2017). Search results for chlorine monoxide at Sigma-Aldrich. The More Important Ozone-Depleting Chemicals [3]. It is important to note that oxides of nitrogen act in a similar catalytic way to convert ozone and oxygen atoms into molecular oxygen: with the same net effect as previously (equation 2.8). However, in 2008 a remote-controlled FTIR instrument was installed at the summit of Stromboli volcano (Italy), to permit more frequent measurements of volcanic gas ratios (e.g., SO2/CO2 and SO2/HCl) in emissions from individual vents on the volcano's crater terrace. Figure 4. Airborne plume traverse measurements of SO2 with UV spectrometers can also be combined with in situ measurements (e.g., CO2 and H2S) to derive fluxes of other volcanic gases. Ozone is a photochemical pollutant and makes major contributions to urban smog, especially during summers and atmospheric inversions. oxychloride. Direct sun measurements, made by pointing the sensor at the Sun, are also possible in the UV and circumvent the optical path problem since the path can be deduced straightforwardly from geometric principles. Active sensing techniques can be used to artificially extend the optical path and detect volatile species present in very low concentrations (e.g., OClO). The latter technique has also been used to measure volcanic H2S emissions, using a deuterium UV lamp to supply a source of the short-wavelength UV radiation (0.2–0.25 μm) where H2S absorbs. CLAES collected data until May 1993. The authors reported a significant increase in the number of patients with severe sunburns during the austral spring of 1999 (p < .01), especially noticeable on weekends (29 of 31 cases) with significant ozone depletion days (<250 DU) and increased UV-B radiation (≥300 nm) (Abarca et al. The Chlorine monoxide molecule contains a total of 2 bond(s) There are 2 non-H bond(s). The usual requirement for FTIR measurements is that the volcanic gas be at a lower temperature than the source of background IR radiation, so that gas abundance can be determined using principles of absorption spectroscopy, which is always the case for solar occultation FTIR measurements. The presence of bromide ions affects the formation of THMs and has been examined considerably because brominated analogs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogs (Richardson et al., 2007). A Canadian instrument launched in 1999 aboard NASA's Terra satellite uses gas correlation spectroscopy to determine the abundance of methane and carbon monoxide in the troposphere. Though not a part of the UARS program, ACRIM II data are important to other studies within Mission to Planet Earth. The active lava lake in the central pit crater, at magmatic temperatures, acts as the source of infrared radiation for the FTIR spectrometer (white box in foreground). Figure 65.4. The most recent large-scale exposure occurred in Kern County, California, in 2003. Chlorofluorocarbons are also implicated in possible global climate change. It is extremely toxic (Category: 5), and estimated probable oral lethal dose for humans ranges from 5 to 50 mg kg−1; between seven drops and one teaspoonful for a 70 kg person (150 lb). Like CLAES, ISAMS detected IR radiation from the atmosphere and used it to derive information on atmospheric temperature and composition. Chlorine Oxides compounds of chlorine and oxygen: Cl2O, ClO2, Cl2O6, Cl2O7, and Cl2O8. In the past decade, the COSPEC has been largely superseded by compact fiber-optic UV spectrometers that record continuous spectra at high spectral resolution in the UV wavelength range (Galle et al., 2003). Dichlorine monoxide, is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula Cl2O. Left and center dashed lines indicate the onset of bursts of lava overflowing the upper south crater rim; right dashed line indicates end of explosive activity. Figure 3. King, D.D. Source: Mol-Instincts Chemical Database, Predicted on Quantum. Therefore, this approach is simply investigated at the conceptual level (laboratory scale) without any attempt to apply it industrially. Most atmospheric water vapor originates from the tropical oceans, where it rises high into the atmosphere to form towering thunderheads. These advances render UV cameras more suitable for long-term autonomous operation, and many volcano observatories will likely incorporate UV cameras into their monitoring networks over the coming decade to measure SO2 emissions. ESA's Envisat carries the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY), which is an advanced version of the GOME sensor flying aboard ERS-2. Halogen occultation experiment (HALOE): HALOE observed the vertical distribution of hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, methane, CO2, ozone, water vapor, and members of the nitrogen family. Each chlorine atom can catalytically destroy many tens of thousands of ozone molecules in this manner. Although inert and environmentally stable in the troposphere, once the CFCs reached the stratosphere they were decomposed by high-energy UV radiation and released reactive chlorine atoms that severed the covalent bonds in ozone (O3) releasing oxygen (O2) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) (Figure 1) (Farman et al. Thus, chlorination, using molten salts as reaction media, is another approach to recover PGMs and other materials (additives or base metals) from spent auto-catalysts by a mid-way process between pyro- and hydro-metallurgy. A higher temperature (750 °C) could not enhance the chlorination efficiency but reduced the quantity of PGMs in the melt due to evaporation loss. Furthermore, it is believed that the hole will continue to reappear each spring for the next several decades, and that a corresponding hole may appear one day above the Arctic (North Pole) region. [Available online at, http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/process.html, Source: US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Goddard Space Flight Center. IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chlorine monoxide is a reddish-brown explosive liquid or yellowish-brown explosive gas. As the CFCs rise into the stratosphere, ultraviolet radiation is intense enough to split the CFC molecules and liberate chlorine atoms. The calculated standard Gibbs free energy showed the possibility of PGM conversion into chloride forms with the assumption that the cordierite substrate was not attacked (Eqs. 1985). DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(72)87026-1. The Journal of Chemical Physics 1965, 42 (4) , 1361-1368 The lowest value in the ozone layer, reflective of the deepest ozone hole, was measured on 30 September 1994, at 73 DU, while the largest ozone hole over the Antarctic occurred on 29 September 2000, when the ozone-depleted area stretched for 29.9 million square kilometers or 11.4 million square miles (Figure 4) (NASA Earth Observatory 2011). ISAMS operated to the end of July 1992. It was first synthesised in 1834 by Antoine Jérôme Balard, who along with Gay-Lussac also determined its composition. Figure 2. During the chlorination, the fate of electrophilic attack on the organic matter largely depends on the reactants involved (i.e., chlorine, chlorine monoxide, H2OCl+, or HOCl− ions) and the conditions of the reaction, for example, oxidation, addition, and substitution (forming C-chlorinated and N-chlorinated derivatives) (Sorlini and Collivignarelli, 2005; Reckhow et al., 1990). Two promising salts mixtures have been investigated based on their advantages, such as moderate melting temperature and well-known oxo-acidic properties: the eutectic LiCl–KCl and CaCl2–KCl. It is therefore widely accepted that the hole increases each year because of human activities, especially the introduction of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrogen bromide (HBr) into the atmosphere. Chlorination is the process of selectively converting PGMs into volatile chloride compounds under high temperature conditions followed by condensation in a cooler zone, separating them by repulp washing, or using active carbon absorption while retaining the unreacted substrate with the chloride sources (Mishra 1993; Kim et al., 2000; Horike et al., 2012). Structure. The Chlorine monoxide molecule contains a total of 2 bond(s) There are 2 non-H bond(s). WINDII operated until April 1994. Dichlorine monoxide is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula Cl2O. 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